Spinoza: filosofía práctica

Baruch Spinoza was born in 1632 in the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam, into a Jewish family of Portuguese or perhaps Spanish origin. Excommunicated and expelled from the synagogue in 1656, he lived in various Dutch cities throughout his life, earning his living by polishing lenses. Until his death in 1677, he led a solitary, frugal, modest, and sickly existence, but according to his biographers, also a joyful one, always attentive to the spectacle of the world. His books are not numerous, and almost all were published posthumously. Nevertheless, in them he brought to the culmination of the philosophical rationalism of his century and gave birth to an image of humanity and the world measured against eternity.